Socialization

Aristotle said that man is a social animal. The individual cannot be imagined without the society and the society without the individual. Even in the history of man kind, from the beginning to the present day tells that men has been living in a group or has lived collectively.

"Socialization is the process through which social beings develops relationships & association with each other."             - MacIver.

Human life has two main bases:

(i) Zoological base: The physical and mental abilities that the child receives from the parents at the time of birth. 

(ii) Social base. He learns to walk, eat - drink, speak, behave, read - write, exchange ideas and innumerable things like this only in the society.

The society itself does the work of transforming the zoological animal into a social animal, and that process of transformation is called socialization. 

 

There are different agencies nd social institutions, which does the socialization throughout the life of an individual. 

In the above figure, from family to marriage are considered as the primary group, and others are the secondary groups. 

MCQ on Community, Association & Institution

 1. Assertion (A): Institutions are necessary to maintain social harmony in society.

    Reason (R): Without institutions society would be anarchistic & chaotic which is terrible condition to live.

   (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

   (b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

   (c) A is true but B is false.

   (d) A is false, but B is true.

2. Assertion (A): Before the pre-modern era, romantic love in the marriage was an alien concept. 

    Reason (R): Modernism taught humans to the beauty of physical intimacy and emotional fulfilment.

    (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

    (b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

    (c) A is true but B is false.

    (d) A is false, but B is true.

3. 'A society is not a community, but an organization in a community'.  Which of the following is this statement : 

    (a) False Statement.

    (b) True Statement.

    (c) Not Known.

    (d) Controversial

  4. Select the feature from the following which does not belong to the community:

     (a) Fixed land area

     (b) We-feeling

     (c) Self-development

     (d) Voluntary membership

5. Which of the following would not you call a community:

     (a) Nation

     (b) Panchayat

     (c) Delhi

     (d) Village

6. What is Ujjain city?

    (a) Community

    (b) Association 

    (c) Society

    (d) Group

7. What is the specialty of the association:

    (a) Self-development

    (b) Voluntary Membership

    (c) Permanent Organization

    (d) None of these

8. Which of the following is not a association?

    (a) Family

    (b) Marriage

    (c) Cricket team

    (d) Caste 

9. 'Caste is a closed class.'  Who has said this? 

    (a) Ketkar

    (b) Cooley

    (c) Majumdar and Madan 

    (d) G.S. Gurey 

10. Which of the following is a community?

    (a) Caste 

    (b) Family

    (c) Refugee camp

    (d) Village

11. Identify the characteristics of a community from the following:

    (a) Fixed purpose  

    (b) Voluntary membership

    (c) Normal life

    (d) Temporary nature

12. Village, town, province and nation are examples of:

    (a) Association

    (b) Institution

    (c) Crowd

    (d) Community

13. Which of the following association:

     (a) Political Party

     (b) Constitution

     (c) Examination 

     (d) Public

14. Which of the following is not a association:

      (a) Indian Cricket Team

      (b) Secret ballot system

      (c) Central Public Service

      (d) College Hostel 

15. Which of the following is not an essential element of community:

      (a) Definite geographical area 

      (b) Community spirit 

      (c) immutability 

      (d) self-born

Answers: 1 (a), 2 (a), 3 (b), 4 (d), 5 (b), 6 (a), 7 (b), 8 (b), 9 (c), 10 (d), 11 (c), 12 (d), 13 (a), 14 (c), 15 (c).

Institution

Institution is a system of social norms and roles to implement the rules to fulfil the goals, which are made by the associations. 

"Social Institutions are the structure devised to of a particular social group." - MacIver & Page

Examples:   Family, Education, Law, Religion & Economy.

Characteristics of an institution:

• The function of the institution as a unit in the entire culture system.
•  Arrangement of rules and procedure. 
• Intangible nature.
• More sustainability.
• One or more objectives
• Cultural equipment.
• Symbols
• Tradition. 

Association

To maintain the existence and conduct the life of a man as a social being properly, he needs to fulfil his different types of necessities, then man forms a committee to get those needs and objectives, that committee is known as an association.

"An association is a group organized for the pursuit of an interest or group of interests in common." - MacIver & Page

Examples: Trade Unions, Leisure Clubs, College Neighborhood Groups, Political Parties, Churches/Temples.

Characteristics of Association:

• Group of people.
• Fixed objectives.
• A definite organization.
• Thoughtful establishment committee.
• Based on rules.
• Voluntary membership. 
• Formal relations among the members.

MCQ on "What Is Sociology?"

1. Sociology is derived from _____?

    (a) Latin & Polynesian 

    (b) Latin 

    (c) Greek 

    (d) Latin & Greek 

2. Who divided the discipline of sociology into three parts., social morphology, social physiology and general sociology? 

     (a) MacIver 

     (b) Auguste Comte 

     (c) Max Weber 

     (d) Emile Durkheim 

3. Sociology is different from other disciplines-------

     (a) Its measurement scales method

     (b) Its scientific method

     (c) Its kind of questions it asks & particular perspective it uses

     (d) The special interest in explaining human behavior 

4. The founder of 'American Journal of Sociology'

      (a) L. H. Morgen

      (b) A. Small

      (c) L. Febvre

      (d) E. Durkheim

5. Twin sister of sociology is

      (a) Philosophy

      (b) Anthropology

      (c) Psychology

      (d) Political Science

6. Meaning of Socius and Logos

      (a) Society & Law

      (b) Society & Science

      (c) Society & Study

      (d) Companion & Study

7. Sociology is considered as, "a scheme for scientific social development" by whom?

      (a) E. Simmel

      (b) Mitchell

      (c) Max Weber

      (d) Auguste Comte

8. Who defined sociology as a subject dealing with groups?

       (a) M. Wilson

       (b) Hobhouse

       (c) H. M. Johnson

       (d) None of them.

9. The World Congress of Sociology was held in-----

       (a) Kolkata

       (b) Washington

       (c) New Delhi

       (d) Madrid 

10. Sociology is emerged as a response to----

       (a) The Green Revolution

       (b) The revolutionary social changes stemming from the effects of the industrial revolution and the               philosophical debated of the 19th century Europe

       (c) The French Revolution

       (d) The cultural changes taking place during 17th century worldwide. 

Answers: 1 (d), 2 (d), 3(c), 4 (b), 5 (b), 6 (d), 7 (b), 8 (c), 9 (d), 10 (b)

Alfred Schutz

Born: 13 April, 1899, Vienna, Austria Hungary.

Died: 20 May 1959, New York, US.

Major Influences: Edmund Husserl,

                              Max Weber,

                               Emile Durkheim,

                               Edmund Simmel

Major Influenced:   P. L. Berger,

                                T. Luckman,

                                 Harold Garfinkel. 

Although Edmund Husserl is the founder of Phenomenology, Alfred is considered as the father, due to his contribution in giving the proper structure to phenomenological sociology.

His major works are:

The Social Construction of Reality (1966)

Phenomenology of the Social World (1932)

Concepts given by Schutz:

Life World (Originally, the concept of the “Life Word” was given by E. Husserl.)

Meaning,

Inter-subjectivity.

The Social Construction of Reality (1966)

The Social Construction of Reality was started by Alfred Schutz, and finished by P. Berger & T. Luckman. Though his work, Alfred wanted to explain that, reality is constructed by man and that he (men) does believe in.

He used and coined the following terms in his work:

Typification: It is a process of constructing social standards or expected behavior based on social assumptions. There are two types Typifications: first order typification, and second order typification. The former one naturally made up by typical model of things and people who are bringing up with the sense of assumptions based own their common sense and stock of knowledge in their hands. The latter one is a rational model of social world, and according to Alfred Schutz, it’s a responsibility of sociologists to construct the second order of typification.

Stocks of Knowledge: The stock of knowledge is based on the individual’s experiences that he got through his understanding of society, which further leads to develop common sense and assumptions.

Recipes: The term ‘recipes’ is coined by Alfred Schutz. It refers to the process that man creates and remembers actions in a way to complete them.

Phenomenology of the Social World (1932)

Alfred’s main aim behind this work was to raise the questions on the scientific potential of the social sciences. According to him, the scientific study of social world must focus on: Inter-subjectivity, meaning, and life-world.

Inter-subjectivity: Being a part of a society, men experience a shared world, which further develops emotions, thoughts, and understanding. When it comes to inter-subjective, consciousness is usually too subjective. So, the social world must be studied the meaning of subjective actions and behavior. 

Meaning: Everything has meaning, whether it’s an object, social interaction, experience or anything. This meaning creates intentional acts, which tends to be subjective.

Life-world: How naturally an individual applies meaning to everything in the life world, those become elements of the life-world. Through the unconscious process of interactions, which causes men to take the elements of the life-world for granted, or until further notice.

Phenomenology

Phenomenology is a systematic investigation of consciousness based on the structure of undifferentiated experiences. 

Significant thinkers:

Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), (Founder)

Martin Heidegger (1889-1979)

Alfred Schutz (1899-1959), (Pupil of Edmund Husserl)

Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-1961)

Important Theories & Ideas:

Phenomenology of the Social World (1932) - Alfred Schutz  

The Life World - Edmund Husserl

Transcendental Inter-subjectivity (1931) - Edmund Husserl

Phenomenology is considered as the world of conscious experiences from the personal view, that can be thought, perception, desire, emotions, language and action. These experiences help to develop awareness about self in different roles, purposes or actions. It is not only limited to the awareness about the actions of self, but also about the others. 

According to Husserl, because of experiencing or performing these actions unconsciously for being so long, they lead to develop an intention-based action.

There are two basic acts of consciousness:

First order Typification: It is naturally made up by typical model of things and people who are bringing up with the sense of assumptions based own their common sense and stock of knowledge in their hands.   

Second Order Typification: It a rational model of social world, and according to Alfred Schutz, it’s a responsibility of sociologists to construct the second order of typification. 

The impact of phenomenological sociology can be seen in ethnomethodology, as it is developed out of phenomenology. 

Sociologists And Their Notable Works (W)

 The given list of the social thinkers and their concepts and works

W

Works Or Concepts	Thinkers And Authors
Cultural Lag	W. F. Ogburn
World Revolution & Family	William J Goode
Family & Kinship in East London	Willmott & Younge
Symmetrical Family	Willmott & Younge
Folkways	W. G. Summer
Demographic Transition	Warren S Thompson
The Stage of Economic Growth	W. F. Whyte
Street Corner Society	W. F. Whyte
World System	Wallenstein

Sociologists And Their Notable Works (T)

 The given list of the social thinkers and their concepts and works.

T

Works Or Concepts	Thinkers And Authors
Family, Socialization & Interaction Process	Talcott Parsons
Pattern Variables	Talcott Parsons
AGIL Model	Talcott Parsons
Adaptation	Talcott Parsons
Goal-Attainment	Talcott Parsons
Integration	Talcott Parsons
Latency	Talcott Parsons
Functional Imperative	Talcott Parsons
Universalization & Particularism	Talcott Parsons
Functional Prerequisites	Talcott Parsons
Action Frame of Reference	Talcott Parsons
Social System	Talcott Parsons
Quality - Performance	Talcott Parsons
Sick Role & Patient Role	Talcott Parsons
Geometric Growth of Population & Arithmetic Growth	Thomas Malthus
Resources Set the Limits of Population Growth	Thomas Malthus
The Society of Work	Theodore Caplow

Sociologists And Their Notable Works (S)

 The given list of the social thinkers and their concepts and works. 

S

Works Or Concepts	Thinkers And Authors
The Second Sex	Simone de Beauvoir
The Dialectics of Sex	Shulamith Firestone
Structuralism	S. F. Nadel
Internal Structure of Role	S. F. Nadel
Theory of Social Structure	S. F. Nadel
Social Structure	S. F. Nadel
Statistical Reasoning in Sociology	Schuessler & Mueller
Cyclical Theory	Spengler
Functional Theory	Sorokin
Idealisational & Sensate Culture	Sorokin
ID, Ego and Superego	Sigmund Freud
In Group & Out Group (resolution)	Sumner
Schooling in Capitalist	S. Bowles & H. Gintis
Modernization, Power & Change	S. N. Eisenstadt
The Subjection of Women	Stuart Mill

Sociologists And Their Notable Works (R)

The given list of the social thinkers and their concepts and works.

R

Works Or Concepts	Thinkers And Authors
In-Group & Out-Group	R.K. Merton
Role Set	R.K. Merton
Dysfunction	R.K. Merton
Ritualism	R.K. Merton
Retreatism	R.K. Merton
Rebellion	R.K. Merton
Conformity	R.K. Merton
Social Theory & Social Structure	R.K. Merton
Reference Group	R.K. Merton
Anomie	R.K. Merton
Middle Range Theory	R.K. Merton
Anticipatory Socialisation	R.K. Merton
Cosmopolitans & Locals	R.K. Merton
Structure & Function	R.K. Merton
Postulates of Functional Analysis	R.K. Merton
Manifest & Latent Functions	R.K. Merton
Strain Theory	R.K. Merton
Unintended Consequences	R.K. Merton
Role Model	R.K. Merton
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy	R.K. Merton
The Sociology of Science	R.K. Merton
Sociological Ambivalence	R.K. Merton
Violent Coercion	R. Collins
Conflict	R. Collins
Imperatively Co-ordinated Association	R. Collins
Integrative Conflict Theory	R. Collins
Interaction Ritual Chains	R. Collins
Micro Foundations of Macrosociology	R. Collins
Social	R. Collins
Stratification	R. Collins
Conflict Sociology	R. Collins
Four Sociological Traditions	R. Collins
The Sociology of Philosophies	R. Collins
Violence: A Micro-Sociological Theory	R. Collins
Coercion Theory of Society	Ralf Dahrendorf
Class & Class Conflict in Industrial Society	Ralf Dahrendorf
Co-ordinated Group	Ralf Dahrendorf
Class Conflict & Change	Ralf Dahrendorf
Quasi, Interest & Conflict Group	Ralf Dahrendorf
Out of Utopia	Ralf Dahrendorf
Society and Democracy in Germany	Ralf Dahrendorf
Essays in the Theory of Society	Ralf Dahrendorf
Great Tradition & Little Tradition	Robert Redflield
Peasant Society & Culture	Robert Redflield
Nation Building & Citizenship: Studies of Our Changing Social Order	Reinhard Bendix
Kinship & Marriage	Robin Fox
Collective Behaviour	R. H Turner & L M Killian
Organised Group	Robert Bierstedt
The Family & Marriage in Britain	R. Fletcher